Leaders and teams state their positions and at the same time invite inquiry into and confrontation of what they advocate, stating positions so that they can be challenged and tested publicly. Argyris treats this combination as one of the main outcomes of practising Model II: the company presidents he worked with could each advocate and each invite inquiry yet could scarcely do both at once, and at first their subordinates attended only to the advocacy. Four years on, the presidents said they could now argue for their beliefs and still open them to inquiry.
The graph holds this control, the 0 it maps to, and the evidence behind each claim, over MCP and REST.