The authors' instrument, the Leadership Practices Inventory, measures how frequently a leader engages in thirty specific behaviours (the Five Practices each account for six), on a ten-point frequency scale from almost never to almost always, rated by the leader (Self) and by observers (manager, direct reports, co-workers, others) in the 360 version; reports give practice totals, the ranking of the thirty behaviours from most to least frequent, observer comparisons and percentile rankings against the normative database. The authors' research report sets out its development from the personal-best case studies, its internal reliability (Cronbach alpha) across populations and languages, test-retest reliability, and the relationship between LPI scores and engagement and effectiveness outcomes. Development follows the report: choose the behaviours to improve, act, and re-assess.
The graph holds this control, the 0 it maps to, and the evidence behind each claim, over MCP and REST.