The return on each unit spent on the workforce: revenue minus (total costs less total workforce costs), divided by total workforce costs, minus one; the formula of ISO/TS 30432, which the 2025 metric index confirms is the one the second edition uses. Continues the first edition's metric 'Human capital ROI'.
The graph holds this control, the 0 it maps to, and the evidence behind each claim, over MCP and REST.